ABSTRACT
The habitat loss is the main threat for many parrot species worldwide. However, the disturbed environments can influence the occurrence of the species positively or negatively, depending on its structure and potential use as an alternative environment. Therefore, this work aims to determine the relationship between land use types and the occurrence of the threatened Red-browed Amazon, identifying the land use types related to species' occurrence and the direction of these relationships. Seven land use types were significantly associated with the species' occurrence: Primary/Secondary Advanced/Medium Natural Forest, Secondary Natural Vegetation, Pasture, Outcrop/Bare Soil, Mangroves, Rivers and Urban Areas. We found that some land use types that are structurally different from the original environments (Pasture, Outcrop/Bare Soil and Urban Areas) positively affected the occurrence of the species. The relationship between intensity of occurrence and highly anthropized land use types, suggests a plasticity of the species in habitat use that may be contributing to the maintenance of Red-browed Amazon populations in highly disturbed habitats. Therefore, we proposed that the management of disturbed areas, along with usual conservation strategies (e.g., conservation of forest remnants, restoration of degraded areas), could contribute to Red-browed Amazon conservation.
Subject(s)
Amazona , Animals , Brazil , Conservation of Natural Resources , Ecosystem , Forests , SoilABSTRACT
AIM: Since the impact of peritonitis on long-term non-infectious mortality has not been investigated until the present, the aim of this study was to analyze the impact of peritonitis on long-term cardiovascular (CV) mortality in a large peritoneal dialysis (PD) cohort. METHODS: The analysis was based on BRAZPD II, a national prospective cohort study that recruited patients in Brazilian centres from December 2004 to January 2011. Incident adult PD patients with at least 90 days on treatment were included in the analysis. Cardiovascular death occurring after a minimum of 30 days after a peritonitis episode was considered the primary endpoint. Cox regression analysis for time-dependent variables was used for the adjustments. RESULTS: There were 2405 episodes of peritonitis in 5707 patients (48% males, 44% diabetes, 73% hypertensive). Patients with one episode of peritonitis presented a 22% increase in the hazard ratio of late CV mortality compared to those who never experienced peritonitis (HR1.22; CI95%1.01-1.47). Adjusted hazard for CV mortality showed a stepwise negative effect on survival for each additional peritonitis episode of infection: two episodes (HR1.78; CI95%1.31-2.42), three episodes (HR2.81; CI95%1.83-4.32) and four episodes (HR3.84; CI95%2.01-7.32). CONCLUSION: Peritonitis was an independent predictor of CV mortality and the frequency of peritonitis was strongly associated with an increase in this risk. This is the first study to demonstrate the impact of peritonitis on late cardiovascular mortality of PD patients, suggesting a link between acute inflammation and cardiovascular outcomes.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Kidney Diseases/therapy , Peritoneal Dialysis/mortality , Peritonitis/mortality , Adult , Aged , Brazil/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Cause of Death , Comorbidity , Female , Humans , Kidney Diseases/diagnosis , Kidney Diseases/mortality , Male , Middle Aged , Peritoneal Dialysis/adverse effects , Peritonitis/diagnosis , Prevalence , Proportional Hazards Models , Prospective Studies , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Time Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
A leptospirose é uma grave zoonose associada às áreas de baixa renda dos centros urbanos. Embora roedores urbanos sejam considerados como principal reservatório para a leptospirose, o cão também pode desenvolver a doença e se tornar carreador assintomático. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi utilizar a metodologia estatística baseada na teoria de processos pontuais espaciais, buscando identificar a forma como se distribuem os cães sororreagentes para a leptospirose e seus determinantes de risco em uma vila na cidade de Curitiba. A análise do modelo possibilitou identificar as regiões de sobre-risco, onde o risco de soropositividade canina à leptospirose é significativamente maior. A relação significativa do efeito espacial no desenvolvimento da doença, além das variáveis estudadas, revela que não apenas um, mas a ação conjunta dos fatores relacionados ao animal, ao proprietário e ao ambiente influencia o risco maior da doença nos locais de maior efeito espacial. O resultado da análise indica claramente os territórios em maior risco na região da Vila Pantanal, possibilitando o planejamento de ações mais específicas e dirigidas a essas áreas em um contexto de vigilância da saúde.
Leptospirosis is a serious zoonotic disease associated to low income areas of urban settings. Although rodents are considered the main reservoir for urban leptospirosis, dogs may also develop the disease and become asymptomatic carriers. The objective of this study was to apply a statistical method based on the spatial point processes theory for canine leptospirosis to identify how seroreagents dogs are spatially distributed and their risk determinants in a village of Curitiba city. The model analysis allowed the identification of over-risk regions, where seropositivity risk for canine leptospirosis was significantly higher, revealing that not just one, but the combination of animal, owner and environment factors influenced the disease risk within areas with greater spatial effect. Analysis of results clearly identified the highest risk areas in the Pantanal Village, allowing the establishment of more specific preventive actions and focused on risk areas as priority for public health surveillance.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Dogs/microbiology , Leptospirosis/veterinary , Animal Distribution , Zoonoses/epidemiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Population antimicrobial use may influence resistance emergence. Resistance is an ecological phenomenon due to potential transmissibility. We investigated spatial and temporal patterns of ciprofloxacin (CIP) population consumption related to E. coli resistance emergence and dissemination in a major Brazilian city. A total of 4,372 urinary tract infection E. coli cases, with 723 CIP resistant, were identified in 2002 from two outpatient centres. Cases were address geocoded in a digital map. Raw CIP consumption data was transformed into usage density in DDDs by CIP selling points influence zones determination. A stochastic model coupled with a Geographical Information System was applied for relating resistance and usage density and for detecting city areas of high/low resistance risk. RESULTS: E. coli CIP resistant cluster emergence was detected and significantly related to usage density at a level of 5 to 9 CIP DDDs. There were clustered hot-spots and a significant global spatial variation in the residual resistance risk after allowing for usage density. CONCLUSIONS: There were clustered hot-spots and a significant global spatial variation in the residual resistance risk after allowing for usage density. The usage density of 5-9 CIP DDDs per 1,000 inhabitants within the same influence zone was the resistance triggering level. This level led to E. coli resistance clustering, proving that individual resistance emergence and dissemination was affected by antimicrobial population consumption.
Subject(s)
Ciprofloxacin/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/physiology , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Fluoroquinolones/therapeutic use , Residence Characteristics , Urban Population/trends , Brazil/ethnology , Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology , Escherichia coli/physiology , Escherichia coli Infections/drug therapy , Escherichia coli Infections/ethnology , Female , Fluoroquinolones/pharmacology , Humans , Longitudinal StudiesABSTRACT
Estimaçäo e mapeamento de perfis de risco säo interesse da Epidemiologia. É analisada a distribuiçäo espacial de casos de mortalidade infantil, comparados a controles de nascidos vivos amostrados do Sistema de Informaçöes sobre Nascidos Vivos da cidade de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A modelagem adotada baseia-se em um processo pontual espacial, na qual se define uma medida de risco que varia continuamente sobre a regiäo de estudo e estimada por meio de métodos de modelos aditivos generalizados. Essa abordagem possui a vantagem de permitir a incorporaçäo, no modelo, de efeitos de determinantes individuais e ecológicos de risco sob a forma simples e de fácil interpretaçäo. Também permite a construçäo de contornos de tolerância que auxiliam na identificaçäo de áreas de alto/baixo risco e de um teste global da hipótese nula de risco constante relativa à regiäo. A aplicaçäo do método aos dados de mortalidade infantil mostrou variaçäo espacial no risco altamente significativa para mortalidade neonatal e näo significativa para mortalidade pós-neonatal.
